@article { , title = {High value phycotoxins from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum.}, abstract = {Marine dinoflagellates produce chemically diverse compounds, with a wide range of biological activity (antimicrobial, anticancer, treatment of neurodegenerative disease along with use as biomedical research tools). Chemical diversity is highlighted by their production of molecules such as the saxitoxin family of alkaloids (C10H17N7O4 - 299 g/mol) to the amphipathic maitotoxin (C164H256O68S2Na2 - 3,422 g/mol), representing one of the largest and most complex secondary metabolites characterised. Dinoflagellates, are most well-known for the production of red tides which are frequently toxic, including okadaic acid and related dinophysistoxins, which are tumour promoters. The mode of action for these phycotoxins, is by specific inhibition of protein phosphatases, enzymes essential in regulation of many cellular processes. Hence, these compounds are being used for vital cell regulation studies. However, the availability of useful amounts of these compounds has restricted research. Chemical synthesis of some compounds such as okadaic acid has been investigated, but the complexity of the molecule resulted in many lengthy steps and achieved only a poor yield. The use of naturally occurring phytoplankton has been investigated as a potential source of these compounds, but it has been shown to be unreliable and impractical. The most practical option is large scale culture with down-stream processing/purification which requires specialist facilities and expertise. This review, describes the biotechnological potential of these organisms and the challenges to achieve useful yields of high quality phycotoxins using Prorocentrum spp. as an example to produce okadaic acid.}, doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.638739}, eissn = {2296-7745}, journal = {Frontiers in marine science}, note = {INFO COMPLETE (now published 02.06.2021 GB -- abstract available on publisher website, not not yet full text 10.05.2021 GB -- accepted pending minor amendments 28.04.2021, not yet fully accepted; abstract, keywords etc. not yet provided 03.05.2021 GB) PERMISSION GRANTED (if accepted, will be published Gold OA under CC BY licence 03.05.2021 GB) DOCUMENT READY (VOR downloaded 02.06.2021 GB -- VOR not yet available 10.05.2021 GB) ADDITIONAL INFO: Loli Camacho Munoz (now left RGU), Linda Lawton, Christine Edwards}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, url = {https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1328117}, volume = {8}, keyword = {Environmental Engineering, Benthic microalgal cultivation, Prorocentrum lima, Seawater, Nutrient limitation, Temperature, Irradiance}, year = {2021}, author = {Camacho-Muņoz, Dolores and Praptiwi, Radisti A. and Lawton, Linda A. and Edwards, Christine} }