@article { , title = {The effect of person order on egress time: a simulation model of evacuation from a neolithic visitor attraction.}, abstract = {Objective: The aim of this study was to model the egress of visitors from a Neolithic visitor attraction. Background: Tourism attracts increasing numbers of elderly and mobility-impaired visitors to our built-environment heritage sites. Some such sites have very limited and awkward access, were not designed for mass visitation, and may not be modifiable to facilitate disabled access. As a result, emergency evacuation planning must take cognizance of robust information, and in this study we aimed to establish the effect of visitor position on egress. Method: Direct observation of three tours at Maeshowe, Orkney, informed typical time of able-bodied individuals and a mobility-impaired person through the 10-m access tunnel. This observation informed the design of egress and evacuation models running on the Unity gaming platform. Results: A slow-moving person at the observed speed typically increased time to safety of 20 people by 170\% and reduced the advantage offered by closer tunnel separation by 26\%. Using speeds for size-specific characters of 50th, 95th, and 99th percentiles increased time to safety in emergency evacuation by 51\% compared with able-bodied individuals. Conclusion: Larger individuals may slow egress times of a group; however, a single slow-moving mobility-impaired person exerts a greater influence on group egress, profoundly influencing those behind. Application: Unidirectional routes in historic buildings and other visitor attractions are vulnerable to slow-moving visitors during egress. The model presented in this study is scalable, is applicable to other buildings, and can be used as part of a risk assessment and emergency evacuation plan in future work.}, doi = {10.1177/0018720817729608}, eissn = {1547-8181}, issn = {0018-7208}, issue = {8}, journal = {Human factors}, note = {COMPLETED -- Doc rec'd 2/10/2017 LM -- Requested doc from contact 2/10/2017 LM -- Info via Sage alert 2/10/2017 LM ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Stewart, Arthur -- Panel C}, pages = {1222-1232}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2522}, volume = {59}, keyword = {Simulation, Risk assessment, Designing for the elderly, Architecture, Discreteevent simulation}, year = {2017}, author = {Stewart, Arthur and Elyan, Eyad and Isaacs, John and McEwen, Leah and Wilson, Lyn} }