@article { , title = {The use of theory in the development and evaluation of behaviour change interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing: a systematic review.}, abstract = {Objectives: This systematic review (SR) reviews the evidence on use of theory in developing and evaluating behaviour change interventions (BCIs) to improve clinicians antimicrobial prescribing (AP). Methods: The SR protocol was registered with PROSPERO. Eleven databases were searched from inception to October 2018 for peer-reviewed, English-language, primary literature in any healthcare setting and for any medical condition. This included research on changing behavioural intentions (e.g. in simulated scenarios) and research measuring actual AP. All study designs/methodologies were included. Excluded were: grey literature and/or those which did not state a theory. Two reviewers independently extracted and quality assessed the data. The Theory Coding Scheme (TCS) evaluated the extent of the use of theory. Results: Searches found 4227 potentially relevant papers after removal of duplicates. Screening of titles/ abstracts led to dual assessment of 38 full-text papers. Ten (five quantitative, three qualitative and two mixedmethods) met the inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in the UK (n = 8), Canada (n = 1) and Sweden (n = 1), most in primary care settings (n = 9), targeting respiratory tract infections (n = 8), and medical doctors (n = 10). The most common theories used were Theory of Planned Behaviour (n = 7), Social Cognitive Theory (n = 5) and Operant Learning Theory (n = 5). The use of theory to inform the design and choice of intervention varied, with no optimal use as recommended in the TCS. Conclusions: This SR is the first to investigate theoretically based BCIs around AP. Few studies were identified; most were suboptimal in theory use. There is a need to consider how theory is used and reported and the systematic use of the TCS could help.}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkaa154}, eissn = {1460-2091}, issn = {0305-7453}, issue = {9}, journal = {Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, note = {INFO COMPLETE (Now published, checked and updated 29/9/2020 LM; rec'd from contact, available online but not yet assigned to an issue 15.07.2020 GB) PERMISSION GRANTED (version = AAM ; embargo = 12 months ; licence = BY-NC ; https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/self\_archiving\_policy\_b ; 15.07.2020 GB) DOCUMENT READY (AAM rec'd 16.07.2020 GB -- VOR rec'd, requested accepted version 15.07.2020 GB) ADDITIONAL INFO: Hend Talkhan, Trudi McIntosh, Scott Cunningham This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, following peer review. The version of record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa154}, pages = {2394-2410}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, url = {https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/947587}, volume = {75}, keyword = {Health & Wellbeing, Antimicrobial prescribing, Behaviour change, Medical interventions, Theoretical models, Praxis}, year = {2020}, author = {Talkhan, Hend and Stewart, Derek and McIntosh, Trudi and Ziglam, Hisham and Abdulrouf, Palli Valappila and Al-Hail, Moza and Diab, Mohammad and Cunningham, Scott} }