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Smart contracts and payment in UK construction: the legal framework. (2022)
Book Chapter
CHRISTIE, D.S. and MANTE, J. 2022. Smart contracts and payment in UK construction: the legal framework. In Dounas, T. and Lombardi, D. (eds.) Blockchain for construction. Singapore: Springer [online], pages 167-184. Available from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3759-0_9

This chapter critically evaluates the way in which the existing United Kingdom (UK) construction payment regime will function with – and assist – payment mechanisms which utilise smart contracts. Blockchain is one of several new developments in the i... Read More about Smart contracts and payment in UK construction: the legal framework..

The Architecture Decentralised Autonomous Organisation: a stigmergic exploration in architectural collaboration. (2022)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T., VOELLER, E., PROKOP, S. and VELE, J. 2022. The Architecture Decentralised Autonomous Organisation: a stigmergic exploration in architectural collaboration. In Pak, B., Wurzer, G. and Stouffs, R. (eds.) Co-creating the future: inclusion in and through design: proceedings of the 40th eCCADe (Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design), 13-16 September 2022, Ghent, Belgium. Ghent: eCAADe, volume 1, pages 567-576. Hosted on CumInCad [online]. Available from: http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?ecaade2022_246

We present "ArchiDAO", a decentralised Autonomous Organisation, i.e an architecture studio run on via smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. The objective of the paper is to offer a concise framework for the transformation of the way architectur... Read More about The Architecture Decentralised Autonomous Organisation: a stigmergic exploration in architectural collaboration..

Discretisation design strategies: strategies to integrate design and fabrication through discretization. (2022)
Conference Proceeding
ZAMANI, E. and DOUNAS, T. 2022. Discretisation design strategies: strategies to integrate design and fabrication through discretization. In Kouider, T. and Saleeb, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the 9th International congress on architectural technology (ICAT 2022): digitally integrated cities: closing the chasm between social and physical, 19-20 May 2022, London, UK. Aberdeen: Robert Gordon University [online], pages 1-15. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/17KEcD4GshS1PpSyH6dTPGRwNfsBtYtan/view

In the present paper, we introduce a classification system, for discretisation strategies, based on the procedural differences. This paper has a particular focus on strategies explicitly positioned towards an integration between digital design, robot... Read More about Discretisation design strategies: strategies to integrate design and fabrication through discretization..

Non-fungible building components: using smart contracts for a circular economy in the built environment. (2021)
Journal Article
DOUNAS, T., JABI, W. and LOMBARDI, D. 2021. Non-fungible building components: using smart contracts for a circular economy in the built environment. Blucher design proceedings [online], 9(6): proceedings of the 25th International conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 20201): designing possibilities, 8-12 November 2021, [virtual conference], pages 1189-1198. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5151/sigradi2021-20

The presented research study tackles the topic of economic and material sustainable development in the built environment and construction industry, by introducing and applying the concept and the potential of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) on blockchain... Read More about Non-fungible building components: using smart contracts for a circular economy in the built environment..

A generative design case study for UAV-based assembly and fabrication: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas. (2021)
Journal Article
ZAMANI, E. and DOUNAS, T. 2021. A generative design case study for UAV-based assembly and fabrication: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas. Open house international [online], 46(3): architecture in the age of disruptive technologies, pages 476-493. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-03-2021-0060

Purpose: This study proposes a DfMA (Design for Manufacture and Assembly) based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and uses Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas as the main case study due to their geometric modularity. In Islamic architecture, different geographic... Read More about A generative design case study for UAV-based assembly and fabrication: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas..

Topology generated non-fungible tokens: blockchain as infrastructure for a circular economy in architectural design. (2021)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T., JABI, W. and LOMBARDI, D. 2021. Topology generated non-fungible tokens: blockchain as infrastructure for a circular economy in architectural design. In Globa, A., van Ameijde, J., Fingrut, A., Kim, N. and Sky Lo, T.T. (eds.) Proceedings of the 26th Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia international conference 2021 (CAADRIA 2021): projections, 29 March - 1 April 2021, [virtual conference]. Hong Kong: CAADRIA [online], vol 2, pages 151-160. Available from: https://caadria2021.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/caadria2021_376.pdf

The paper presents a new digital infrastructure layer for buildings and architectural assets. The infrastructure layer consists of a combination of topology graphs secured on a decentralised ledger. The topology graphs organise non-fungible digital t... Read More about Topology generated non-fungible tokens: blockchain as infrastructure for a circular economy in architectural design..

Parametric Iranian-Islamic muqarnas as drivers for design for fabrication and assembly via UAVs: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic muqarnas. (2021)
Conference Proceeding
ZAMANI, E. and DOUNAS, T. 2021. Parametric Iranian-Islamic muqarnas as drivers for design for fabrication and assembly via UAVs: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic muqarnas. In Abdelmohsen, S., El-Khouly, T., Mallasi, Z. and Bennadji, A. (eds.). Architecture in the age of disruptive technologies: transformation and challenges: proceedings of the 9th Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design 2021 (ASCAAD 2021), 2-4 March 2021, [virtual conference]. Aberdeen: Robert Gordon University, pages 436-449. Hosted on CumInCAD [online]. Available from: http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/ascaad2021_050.pdf

This study proposes a DfMA (from design to assembly) based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and uses Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas as the case study due to their geometric modularity. In Islamic architecture, different geographic regions are known to have... Read More about Parametric Iranian-Islamic muqarnas as drivers for design for fabrication and assembly via UAVs: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic muqarnas..

Blockchain grammars for validating the design process. (2020)
Journal Article
LOMBARDI, D., DOUNAS, T., CHEUNG, L.H. and JABI, W. 2020. Blockchain grammars for validating the design process. Blucher design proceedings [online], 8(4): proceedings of 24th International Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2020): transformative design, 16-20 November 2020, Medellín, Colombia, pages 406-411. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5151/sigradi2020-56

This paper presents and develops the concept of Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO) as a platform for collaboration, via a design scenario in which Blockchain (BC) technology is implemented for validation purposes. The envisioned scenario sim... Read More about Blockchain grammars for validating the design process..

Framework for decentralised architectural design BIM and blockchain integration. (2020)
Journal Article
DOUNAS, T., LOMBARDI, D. and JABI, W. 2021. Framework for decentralised architectural design BIM and blockchain integration. International journal of architectural computing [online], 19(2), pages 157-173. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1478077120963376

The paper introduces a framework for decentralised architectural design in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. We examine first the constraints of building information modelling in regard to collaboration and trust. We then introduce Blo... Read More about Framework for decentralised architectural design BIM and blockchain integration..

Smart contracts for decentralised building information modelling. (2020)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T., JABI, W. and LOMBARDI, D. 2020. Smart contracts for decentralised building information modelling. In Köering, D. and Werner, L.C. (eds.) Proceedings of 38th Education and research in computer aided architectural design in Europe (eCAADe) conference 2020 (eCAADe 2020): anthropologic: architecture and fabrication in the cognitive age, 16-17 September 2020, [virtual conference]. Berlin: eCAADe, volume 2, pages 565-574. Hosted on CumInCAD [online]. Available from: http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ecaade2020_190

The paper presents a model for decentralizing building information modelling, through implementing its infrastructure using the decentralized web. We discuss the shortcomings of BIM in terms of its infrastructure, with a focus on tracing identities o... Read More about Smart contracts for decentralised building information modelling..

Animation as a computational framework for architectural design composition. (2020)
Journal Article
DOUNAS, T. 2020. Animation as a computational framework for architectural design composition. Architectural science review [online], 63(2), pages 222-232. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2019.1709037

The paper develops computation, through dynamic grammars, as a third equivalent to syntactical and typological understanding of architectural design. Within theory of architectural design, syntactical and typological understanding of architecture are... Read More about Animation as a computational framework for architectural design composition..

Virtual reality in the architectural technology curriculum in the UK. (2019)
Conference Proceeding
WOOD, C.F., DOUNAS, T. and SCOTT, J.R. 2019. Virtual reality in the architectural technology curriculum in the UK. In Kouider, T. and Andersen, P.J. (eds.) 2019. Proceedings of the 8th International congress on architectural technology (ICAT 2019) [online]: architectural technology, facing the renovation and refurbishment challenge, 15 November 2019, Odense, Denmark. Aberdeen: Robert Gordon University, pages 181-190. Available from: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxhcmNodGVjaGNvbmdyZXNzMXxneDoxODg5NzZjZmE3NzYyNmZi

This paper seeks to understand the climate for Virtual Reality (VR) within the Architectural Technology (AT)curriculum in the U.K. It seeks to assess through literature, focus groups and questionnaires VR’s current place and seek to find a model to m... Read More about Virtual reality in the architectural technology curriculum in the UK..

Towards Blockchains for architectural design: consensus mechanisms for collaboration in BIM. (2019)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T., LOMBARDI, D. and JABI, W. 2019. Towards blockchains for architectural design: consensus mechanisms for collaboration in BIM. In Sousa, J.P., Henriques, G.C. and Xavier, J.P. (eds.) Proceedings of the 37th Education and research in computer aided architectural design in Europe (eCAADe) and 23rd Sociedad Iberoamericana de Gráfica Digital (SIGraDi) joint conference 2019 (eCAADe SIGraDi 2019): architecture in the age of the 4th industrial revolution, 11-13 September 2019, Porto, Portugal. Porto: eCAADe; SIGraDi; FAUP, volume 1, pages 267-274. Hosted on CumInCAD [online]. Available from: http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ecaadesigradi2019_296

We present a Blockchain collaboration mechanism on optimisation problems between distributed participants who work with building information modelling tools. The blockchain mechanism is capable of executing smart contracts, acting as a reward mechani... Read More about Towards Blockchains for architectural design: consensus mechanisms for collaboration in BIM..

Blockchain grammars: designing with DAOS. (2019)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T. and LOMBARDI, D. 2019. Blockchain grammars: designing with DAOS. In Haeusler, M.H., Schnabel, M.A. and Fukuda, T. (eds.) Intelligent and informed: proceedings of the 24th International conference on computer-aided architectural design research in Asia (CAADRIA 2019), 15-18 April 2019, Wellington: New Zealand. Hong Kong: CumInCAD [online], Volume 2, pages 293-302. Available from: http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/caadria2019_647.pdf

This paper presents an application of Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO) in the field of design and AEC industry. The model is applied in the realm of shape grammar proposing the possibility of allowing multiple grammarists to collaborate in... Read More about Blockchain grammars: designing with DAOS..

A CAD-blockchain integration strategy for distributed validated digital design: connecting the blockchain. (2018)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T. and LOMBARDI, D. 2018. A CAD-blockchain integration strategy for distributed validated digital design. In K?pczy?ska-Walczak, A. and Bialkowski, S. (eds.) Computing for a better tomorrow: proceedings of the 36th International conference on Education and research in computer aided architectural design in Europe (eCAADe 2018), 19-21 September 2018, Lodz, Poland. Hong Kong: CumInCAD [online], Volume 1, pages 223-230. Available from: http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ecaade2018_226

We present a proof of concept implementation of an integration strategy for connecting CAD with Blockchain. We explain the components of most blockchains and the value they bring to the built environment ecosystem, the potential impact a complete int... Read More about A CAD-blockchain integration strategy for distributed validated digital design: connecting the blockchain..

Creating new cities: cellular automata and social condensers. (2018)
Conference Proceeding
LOMBARDI, D., DOUNAS, T. ZHANG, C., WU, H. and YANG, C. 2018. Creating new cities: cellular automata and social condensers. In Fukuda, T., Huang, W., Janssen, P., Crolla, K. and Alhadidi, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 23rd International conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2018): learning, prototyping and adapting, 17-19 May 2018, Beijing, China. Hong Kong: CumInCAD.

This paper presents a further step of a study that is exploring the potential of applying computational strategies to design and evaluate solutions for urban development and planning in the context of contemporary China. This exploration used a city... Read More about Creating new cities: cellular automata and social condensers..

Dense urban typologies and the game of life: evolving cellular automata. (2017)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T., SPAETH, A.B., WU, H. and ZHANG, C. 2017. Dense urban typologies and the game of life: evolving cellular automata. In Çagdas, G., Özkar, M., Gül, L.F. and Gürer, E. (eds.) Proceedings of the 17th International conference on computer aided architectural design futures (CAAD Futures 2017): future trajectories of computation in design, 12-14 July 2017, Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University [online], pages 648-666. Available from: http://caadfutures2017.itu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CAADFutures2017_Proceedings-updated-20092017.pdf

The ongoing rate of urbanization in China is the motivator behind this paper. As a response to the observed monotonous housing developments in Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) and elsewhere, our method exploits Cellular Automata (CA) combined with fitnes... Read More about Dense urban typologies and the game of life: evolving cellular automata..

Robotic simulation of textile as concrete reinforcement and formwork. (2017)
Conference Proceeding
LU, X., DOUNAS, T., SPAETH, B., BISSOONAUTH, C. and GALOBARDES, I. 2017. Robotic simulation of textile as concrete reinforcement and formwork. In Janssen, P., Loh, P., Raonic, A. and Schnabel, M.A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 22nd International conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2017): protocols, flows and glitches, 5-8 April 2017, Suzhou, China. Hong Kong: CumInCAD [online], pages 863-872. Available from http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/caadria2017_104

New possibilities of concrete constructions in architecture, the traditional formwork can be gradually replaced by the use of flexible textile. At the same time textile reinforcement combined with fabric formwork, introduces an innovative integrated... Read More about Robotic simulation of textile as concrete reinforcement and formwork..

Speculative urban types: a cellular automata evolutionary approach. (2017)
Conference Proceeding
DOUNAS, T., SPAETH, B., WU, H. and ZHANG, C. 2017. Speculative urban types: a cellular automata evolutionary approach. In Janssen, P. Loh, P. Raonic, A. and Schnabel, M.A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 22nd International conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2017): protocols, flows and glitches, 5-8 April 2017, Suzhou, China. Hong Kong: CumInCAD [online], pages 313-323. Available from http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/caadria2017_101

The accelerated rate of urbanization in China is the motivator behind this paper. As a response to the observed monotonous housing developments in Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) and elsewhere our method exploits Cellular Automata (CA) combined with fit... Read More about Speculative urban types: a cellular automata evolutionary approach..