Elnaz Nasiri
Impact of policy instruments in the implementation of renewable sources of energy in selected European countries.
Nasiri, Elnaz; Rocha-Meneses, Lisandra; Inayat, Abrar; Kikas, Timo
Authors
Lisandra Rocha-Meneses
Abrar Inayat
Timo Kikas
Abstract
Nowadays, great attention has been paid to alternative sources of energy that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels and help to reduce their utilization in the overall energy mix. In Europe, the development and implementation of renewable sources of energy is regulated and supported by legal frameworks. This paper investigates the impact of European Directives and its transposition to national policies on the share of renewable sources of energy in electricity, heating and cooling, and transport in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. For this, quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. The quantitative data refer to the gross energy consumption, energy consumption for heating and cooling purposes (by category), and energy consumption in the transportation sector, while the qualitative data refer to the main directives and legal frameworks utilized to regulate the utilization and implementation of renewable energy in the selected countries. The results of this study show that the European Directives are not as effective as expected in the promotion and adoption of renewable sources of energy. Although none of the countries investigated in this paper were able to achieve the 10% share of energy produced from renewable sources for the transportation sector, certain goals were still achieved. For instance, in 2018, 6.57% of the energy utilized in the transportation sector in Denmark was from renewable sources, while in Estonia it was 3.29%, in Ireland 7.17%, in Latvia 4.73%, in Lithuania 4.33%, and in the Netherlands 9.59%. These results suggest that the current regulations should be revised and that clear, accountable, and predictable regulations should be put in place to ensure the energetic independence in Europe.
Citation
NASIRI, E., ROCHA-MENESES, L., INAYAT, A. and KIKAS, T. 2022. Impact of policy instruments in the implementation of renewable sources of energy in selected European countries. Sustainability [online], 14(10), article number 6314. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106314
Journal Article Type | Article |
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Acceptance Date | May 19, 2022 |
Online Publication Date | May 22, 2022 |
Publication Date | May 31, 2022 |
Deposit Date | Aug 28, 2023 |
Publicly Available Date | Oct 2, 2023 |
Journal | Sustainability |
Electronic ISSN | 2071-1050 |
Publisher | MDPI |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 10 |
Article Number | 6314 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106314 |
Keywords | Bioenergy legislation; Climate and energy targets; EU directives; Legal framework; Member states; Renewable energy directive (RED) |
Public URL | https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/2010134 |
Related Public URLs | https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/2010116 (Erratum) |
Additional Information | This article has been published with separate supporting information. This supporting information has been incorporated into a single file on this repository and can be found at the end of the file associated with this output. |
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Copyright Statement
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).